Citations for A Future Worth Having

For more information about citations and sources, please visit this writing's source and citation policy. For a full list of citations used in this writing, please visit Appendix: Cited Facts and Sources.
  1. Smithsonian Magazine. “Greenleand lost 12.5 billion tons of ice in a single day.” 5 August, 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/greenland-lost-record-breaking-125-billion-tons-ice-single-day-180972808/
     
    New York Times. “Iceland Mourns Loss of a Glacier by Posting a Warning About Climate Change.” L. Holson. 19 August, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/19/world/europe/iceland-glacier-funeral.html
     
  2. BBC News: “A looming mass extinction caused by humans.” G. Vince. 1 November 2012. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20121101-a-looming-mass-extinction
     
  3. BBC News. “Amazon Fires: Record number burning in Brazil rainforest – space agency.” 21 August, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973
     
  4. Axios magazine. “By the numbers: unprecedented devastation of California’s wildfires.” A. Freedman. 8 August, 2018. https://www.axios.com/california-wildfires-break-records-statistics-mendocino-complex-fire-ae073d56-b170-4086-b567-2cf7c3d23fd8.html
     
    The Atlantic Magazine. “California’s wildfires are 500 percent larger due to climate change.” R. Meyer. 16 July, 2019. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/07/climate-change-500-percent-increase-california-wildfires/594016/
     
  5. BBC News. “Australia fires: a visual guide to the bushfire crisis.” 6 January, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-50951043. A point of note: several causes of these fires were direct human action, namely felony arson. This has been pointed to as reason to discredit climate change’s role in Australian wildfires, which is both disingenuous and categorically false – arson, and man-caused fires have persisted for millennia, yet the reason such fires now encompass wide swaths of the Australian continent is because of the aggravating factors of climate change, namely drought and hotter conditions that enable wildfires to spread faster and burn drier material.

    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/australia-fires-how-climate-change-has-intensified-the-deadly-bushfires/
     
  6. Council of Foreign Relations. “A global report on the decline of democracy.” 17 April, 2018. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/press/2018-04-17/global-report-decline-democracy
     
  7. Washington Post. “17 ways the unprecedented migrant crisis is reshaping our world.” A. Taylor, 20 June, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/06/20/17-ways-the-unprecedented-migrant-crisis-is-reshaping-our-world/
     
  8. Brookings Institution. “How to combat fake news and disinformation.” D. West. 18 December, 2017. https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-to-combat-fake-news-and-disinformation/
     
  9.  “The Long Peace” is a term defining the post-WWII era of lasting peace after the defeat of Axis powers. It was first coined by John Lewis Gaddis in the International Security journal, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Spring, 1986), pp. 99-142. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538951
     
  10. Union of Concerned Scientists. “North Korea, reports and multimedia.” 18 December, 2017. https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/north-korea-basics
     
  11. At the time of this writing, the United States is either involved, or threatens to be involved, with state-level conflict against Iran, Venezuela, and North Korea, along with several other conflicts against non-state actors in furtherance of the “Global War on Terror.”
     
    Deutsche Welle. “Nicolas Maduro tells military to 'be ready' for potential US military action.” 5 May, 2019. https://p.dw.com/p/3HwPL
     
    BBC News. “Iran attack: US Troops targeted with ballistic missiles.” 8 January, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51028954
     
  12. Radioactive dating tells us that modern humans evolved approximately 200,000 years ago, although some sources suggest as long as 300,000.
    http://humanorigins.si.edu/human-characteristics/humans-change-world
    Nature Journal. “Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history.” E. Callaway. 7 June, 2017. https://www.nature.com/news/oldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114
     
  13. Most sources estimate 1900 as having a population of just over 1.5 billion. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/
     
  14. U.N.: “World population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050.” http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/2015-report.htm
     
  15. Background Reading on Thomas Malthus’ Principle of Population essay. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population
     
  16. Background Reading The Limits To Growth - 1972-era computer simulation of  exponential economic and population growth with a finite resource supply. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
     
  17. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization report. “State of the world’s forests, 2012.” http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3010e/i3010e.pdf#p23,p25,p28
     
  18. BBC: “A looming mass extinction caused by humans.” G. Vince. 1 November 2012. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20121101-a-looming-mass-extinction
     
  19. The Atlantic. “It Will Take Millions of Years for Mammals to Recover From Us”. E. Young. 15 October, 2018.  https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/10/mammals-will-need-millions-years-recover-us/573031/
     
  20. U.N. report: “General facts regarding world fisheries,” 24 May 2010. http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/reviewconf/FishStocks_EN_A.pdf
     
  21. National Geographic. “Seafood may be gone by 2048, Study Says.” J. Roach. 2 November, 2006. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/11/061102-seafood-threat.html
     
  22. World Wildlife Fund. “Living Planet Report 2018: Aiming Higher” p54.
     
  23. World Wildlife Fund. “Living Planet Report 2018: Aiming Higher” p4
     
  24. World Wildlife Fund. “Living Planet Report 2018: Aiming Higher” p4
     
  25. The Guardian. “Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study.”  D. Carrington. 21 May, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/21/human-race-just-001-of-all-life-but-has-destroyed-over-80-of-wild-mammals-study

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. “The Biomass Distribution on Earth.” Y. Bar-On, R. Philips, R. Milo. 21 May, 2018. https://www.pnas.org/content/115/25/6506
     
  26. The Guardian. “Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study.”  D. Carrington. 21 May, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/21/human-race-just-001-of-all-life-but-has-destroyed-over-80-of-wild-mammals-study
     
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. “The Biomass Distribution on Earth.” Y. Bar-On, R. Philips, R. Milo. 21 May, 2018. https://www.pnas.org/content/115/25/6506
     
  27. The Guardian. “Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study.”  D. Carrington. 21 May, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/21/human-race-just-001-of-all-life-but-has-destroyed-over-80-of-wild-mammals-study

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. “The Biomass Distribution on Earth.” Y. Bar-On, R. Philips, R. Milo. 21 May, 2018. https://www.pnas.org/content/115/25/6506
     
  28. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). “Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’ Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating’.” 6 May, 2019. P. 3.

     
  29. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). “Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’ Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating’.” 6 May, 2019. P. 3.

     
  30. U.N. “Water Cooperation facts and figures.” Archived: http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/water-cooperation/facts-and-figures/en/
     
  31. World Health Organization. “Lack of Sanitation for 2.4 Billion People is Undermining Health Improvements.” http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/jmp-report/en/.
     
  32. World Health Organization. “Lack of Sanitation for 2.4 Billion People is Undermining Health Improvements.” http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/jmp-report/en/.
     
  33. S. Damkjaer, R. Taylor. “The measurement of water scarcity: Defining a meaningful indicator.” Ambio vol. 46,5 (2017): 513-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-0912-z

    United Nations. “Water Scarcity.” https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/scarcity/
     
  34. United Nations. World Water Development Report 2015. https://www.un-ihe.org/sites/default/files/wwdr_2015.pdf#p2.
     
  35. Newsweek. “The Race to Buy Up the World’s Water.” J. Interlandi. 8 October, 2010. http://www.newsweek.com/race-buy-worlds-water-73893.
     
  36. Newsweek. “The Race to Buy Up the World’s Water.” J. Interlandi. 8 October, 2010. http://www.newsweek.com/race-buy-worlds-water-73893.
     
  37. B. Gaybullaev,  C., Su-Chin. “Changes in water volume of the Aral Sea after 1960” 1 December, 2012. 10.1007/s13201-012-0048-z JO  - Applied Water Science ER. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104566

    Background reading on the Aral Sea: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Sea
     
  38. Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 square miles (58,030 km3), and Lake Erie has a volume of 116 cubic miles (480km3). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie
     
  39. Background reading on the Aralkum Desert: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aralkum_Desert
     
  40. National Geographic. “Aral Sea’s Eastern Basin is Dry for the First Time in 600 years.” B. Clark-Howard. 2 October, 2014. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141001-aral-sea-shrinking-drought-water-environment/
     
  41. NASA. “Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress.” 16 June, 2015. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4626

    NASA. “Getting at groundwater with gravity.” G. Hicks. Last updated 6 January, 2020. https://earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/sensing-our-planet/getting-at-groundwater-with-gravity
     
  42. NASA. “Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress.” 16 June, 2015. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4626

    NASA. “Getting at groundwater with gravity.” G. Hicks. Last updated 6 January, 2020. https://earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/sensing-our-planet/getting-at-groundwater-with-gravity
     
  43. National Geographic. “If You Think the Water Crisis Can’t Get Worse, Wait Until the Aquifers are Drained.” D. Dimick. 21 August, 2014.

    New York Times. “Beneath California Crops, Groundwater Crisis Grows.” J. Gillis, M. Richtel. 5 April, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/06/science/beneath-california-crops-groundwater-crisis-grows.html?_r=0
     
  44. National Geographic. “If You Think the Water Crisis Can’t Get Worse, Wait Until the Aquifers are Drained.” D. Dimick. 21 August, 2014.
     
    New York Times. “Beneath California Crops, Groundwater Crisis Grows.” J. Gillis, M. Richtel. 5 April, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/06/science/beneath-california-crops-groundwater-crisis-grows.html?_r=0
     
    Washington Post. “California’s Terrifying Climate Forecast: It Could Face Droughts Nearly Every Year.” D. Fears. 2 March, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/03/02/californias-terrifying-forecast-in-the-future-it-could-face-droughts-nearly-every-year/?utm_term=.2c407783c5b8
     
  45. NCAR & UCAR News Center. “Climate change: Drought may threaten much of globe within decades.” 19 October, 2010. http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/adai/news/Dai_Drought_UCAR.htm
     
  46. NASA. “Earth’s Freshwater Future: Extremes of Flood and Drought.” 13 June, 2019. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2881/earths-freshwater-future-extremes-of-flood-and-drought/
     
  47. New York Times. “Rural Water, Not City Smog, May be China’s Pollution Nightmare.” C. Buckley, V. Piao. 11 April, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/12/world/asia/china-underground-water-pollution.html

    South China Morning Post. “80 per cent of groundwater in China’s major river basins is unsafe for humans, study reveals.” https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1935314/80-cent-groundwater-chinas-major-river-basins-unsafe

    D. Shemie, K. Vigerstol, M. Quan, et al. “China Urban Water Blueprint.” The Nature Conservancy. 2016. https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Urban_Water_Blueprint_Region_China.pdf
     
  48. New York Times. “Rural Water, Not City Smog, May be China’s Pollution Nightmare.” C. Buckley, V. Piao. 11 April, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/12/world/asia/china-underground-water-pollution.html

    South China Morning Post. “80 per cent of groundwater in China’s major river basins is unsafe for humans, study reveals.” https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1935314/80-cent-groundwater-chinas-major-river-basins-unsafe

    D. Shemie, K. Vigerstol, M. Quan, et al. “China Urban Water Blueprint.” The Nature Conservancy. 2016. https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Urban_Water_Blueprint_Region_China.pdf
     
  49. NASA. “NASA Satellites Unlock Secret to India’s Vanishing Water.” 12 August, 2009. https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/india_water.html

    New York Times. “India’s Water Crisis.” Editorial board. 3 May, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/04/opinion/indias-water-crisis.html

    The Guardian. “Armed guards at India’s dams as drought grips country.” A. France-Presse. 2 May, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/02/armed-guards-at-indias-dams-as-drought-grips-country
     
  50. New York Times. “India’s Water Crisis.” Editorial board. 3 May, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/04/opinion/indias-water-crisis.html

    The Guardian. “Armed guards at India’s dams as drought grips country.” A. France-Presse. 2 May, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/02/armed-guards-at-indias-dams-as-drought-grips-country
     
  51. The Times of India. “80% of India’s Surface Water May Be Polluted, Report by International Body Says.” S. Deyl. 28 June, 2015. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/80-of-Indias-surface-water-may-be-polluted-report-by-international-body-says/articleshow/47848532.cms
     
  52. The Hindu. “Untreated Sewage Flow is Killing Indian Rivers, Says New Study.” AFP. 6 March, 2013. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/untreated-sewage-flow-is-killing-indian-rivers-says-new-study/article4480149.ece
     
  53. Forbes Magazine. “Oil and gas giants spend millions lobbying to block climate change policies.” N. McCarthy. 25 March, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2019/03/25/oil-and-gas-giants-spend-millions-lobbying-to-block-climate-change-policies-infographic/
     
  54. NASA. “Scientific Consensus: Earth’s Climate is Warming.” https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/
     
  55. NASA. “Scientific Consensus: Earth’s Climate is Warming.” https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/

    NASA. “Do scientists agree on climate change?” https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/17/do-scientists-agree-on-climate-change/
     
  56. N. McCarthy. “Oil Firms Spend Millions on Climate Lobbying.” 26 May, 2019. https://www.statista.com/chart/17467/annual-expenditure-on-climate-lobbying-by-oil-and-gas-companies/
     
  57. Image Source: The Economist Magazine. Data sources: Corinne Le Quéré, et al (2018). Global Carbon Project (GCP); Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre (CDIAC).
     
  58. United Nations. World Meteorological Organization. “Global Climate in 2015-2019: Climate change accelerates.” 22 September, 2019. https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/global-climate-2015-2019-climate-change-accelerates
     
  59. Image source: United States Environmental Protection Agency. “Climate Change Indicators: U.S. and Global Temperature.” Data Source: NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 2016. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-temperature
     
  60. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 2016. National Centers for Environmental Information, 2016. Note from source: for more information, visit U.S. EPA's "Climate Change Indicators in the United States" at http://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators.
     
  61. Image source: The European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/22/climate/arctic-sea-ice-shrinking-trend-watch.html
     
  62. Data source: National Snow and Ice Data Center and the Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research. Image source: New York Times. “In the Arctic, the old ice is disappearing.” J. White, K. Pierre-Louis. 14 May, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/05/14/climate/arctic-sea-ice.html
     
  63. OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). “The Economic Consequences of Climate Change.” 3 November, 2015. https://www.oecd.org/env/the-economic-consequences-of-climate-change-9789264235410-en.htm
     
  64. Versions 1.1+ of The Next Giant Leap do not feature detailed focus on the state of oil scarcity due to its post-COVID-19 price collapse. Oil scarcity is a future reality that humanity must contend with, but the purpose of this writing is to solve resource scarcity – not focus on the consequences of its existence. Consequently, the nature of future oil scarcity will be touched upon in future posts on nextgiantleap.org.
     
  65. Columbia University Earth Institute. “Climate change to exacerbate rising food prices.” A. Mazhirov, 22 March, 2011.
     
  66. International Food Policy Research Institute. “Food Security, Farming and Climate Change to 2050. Scenarios, Results, Policy Options.”  December, 2010. http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/127066/filename/127277.pdf#23
     
  67. Oxfam Issue Briefing. “Extreme Weather, Extreme Prices. The costs of feeding a warming world.” September 2012. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/03/22/climate-change-to-exacerbate-rising-food-prices/
     
    https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/241131/ib-extreme-weather-extreme-prices-05092012-en.pdf#p7
     
  68. Oxfam Issue Briefing. “Extreme Weather, Extreme Prices. The costs of feeding a warming world.” September 2012. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/241131/ib-extreme-weather-extreme-prices-05092012-en.pdf#p7
     
  69. U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees. “Figures at a Glance.”
    http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html.
     
  70. The impact of climate change and resource scarcity, beyond imminent or already-present incidents, reflects a timeline measured by years to decades. See: United Nations - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports https://www.ipcc.ch/reports/, especially “Global Warming of 1.5 ºC” https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/
     
  71. “Why We Fight” https://nextgiantleap.org/mindset/why-we-fight
     
  72. “Why We Fight” https://nextgiantleap.org/mindset/why-we-fight
     
  73. “Why We Fight” https://nextgiantleap.org/mindset/why-we-fight
     
  74. United States Military – Joint Forces Command. “The Joint Operating Environment – 2010.” 18 February, 2010. https://fas.org/man/eprint/joe2010.pdf
     
  75. International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons:  http://www.icanw.org/the-facts/nuclear-arsenals/.
     
  76. Background reading on Ohio-class SSBN’s. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio-class_submarine
     
  77. Israel is widely believed to have second-strike capability through classified submarine developments. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin-class_submarine
     
  78. Picture of blast door in Minuteman-II missile silo, which has an intercontinental flight time of minutes. The caption is a play on Domino’s Pizza, which reads “World-wide delivery in 30 minutes or less – or your next one is free.” https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World-wide_delivery_in_30_minutes_or_less.JPG
     
  79. Reference.com. “How Many Cities Are There In The World?” https://www.reference.com/geography/many-cities-world-c25cce21cb142891.
     
  80. International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons:  http://www.icanw.org/the-facts/nuclear-arsenals/.